Kardashev

Sources

Notes

  1. N. S. Kardashev, “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations”, Soviet Astronomy 8 (1964): 217–221.
  2. Carl Sagan, The Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective (New York: Doubleday, 1973).
  3. Richard A. Carrigan Jr., FERMILAB-PUB-09-607-AD (Batavia, IL: Fermilab, 2009). Prints the interpolation K = (log₁₀ P − 6)/10 with P in watts, citing Sagan.
  4. Robert H. Gray, “The Extended Kardashev Scale”, Astronomical Journal 159 (2020): 228.
  5. Freeman J. Dyson, “Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation”, Science 131, no. 3414 (1960): 1667–1668.
  6. Freeman J. Dyson, letter to the editor, Science 132, no. 3421 (1960): 250–253.
  7. Jason T. Wright, “Dyson Spheres”, Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 200 (2020): 1–18.
  8. Richard A. Carrigan Jr., “IRAS-Based Whole-Sky Upper Limit on Dyson Spheres”, Astrophysical Journal 698 (2009): 2075.
  9. J. T. Wright et al., “The Ĝ Infrared Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations with Large Energy Supplies. II”, Astrophysical Journal 792 (2014): 26.
  10. M. Suazo et al., “Project Hephaistos II”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 531 (2024): 695.
  11. Bo-Lun Huang, Zhen-Zhao Tao, and Tong-Jie Zhang, “WISE/CatWISE Constraints on Dysonian Waste-Heat Technosignatures in Nearby Galaxies”, Astronomical Journal 171 (2026): 131.
  12. International Astronomical Union, Resolution B3, “On recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties”, (Honolulu, 2015).
  13. Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 (London: Energy Institute, 2026).

Observatory, lamp, Earth-night, solar, swarm, infrared, and galaxy plates are interpretive stills made for this world. They are not documentary telescope frames. The Scale Lens diagram is computed.

Return to the Scale Lens